Fear
• of losing custody
• of what he will do to her

Perceived dependence

Beliefs
• that the violence is temporary
• that he will change
• that this goes with the territory
• that she can stop the violence
• that divorce is wrong

Pressure
• cultural and religious
• guilt about failure of relationship
• feelings of personal incompetence

Love for the abuser

Lack
• of resources
• of social support

Effects on Women
Stress disorders
Low self esteem
Social isolation
Constant fear/terror
Helpless
Hopeless
Powerless